Jaiwant Paul "The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58" In most accounts of the revolt, the greased cartridge has been referred to as the spark and tinder that lit the flames o. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. To save content items to your account, Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. The uprising was officially declared over on July 8, 1859. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. A New Type of Rifle Cartridge Caused Problems, The Indian Revolt of 1857 Brought the End of the East India Company. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. This fascinating collection explores hitherto ignored diversities of the Great Rebellion An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Revolt Of 1857 India Causes Eects History Facts N Info 1 . Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. "[4] Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant-Major Gordon, and Abdullah Beg, a former Company soldier, were spared. Or it might have been an aristocratic plot, set off too soon by the Meerut outbreak. The particular reason, the greased cartridges for the Enfield rifles, was a mistake rectified as soon as it was discovered; but the fact that explanations and reissues could not quell the soldiers suspicions suggests that the troops were already disturbed by other causes. Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings The Company had upgraded to the new Pattern 1853 Enfield rifle, which used greased paper cartridges. This included an increase in the taxation on land. And yet its just as possible to see the bloody results of the mutual incomprehension between the British and native communities in India as a potent reminder that mistrust and panic can have serious consequences. India at the time of the 1857 rebellion. The revolt of 1857, which the British call the Indian Mutiny but many Indians prefer to think of as the First War of Independence, was the defining event in British imperial history. Following the disarming and disbandment of an additional seventeen Bengal Native Infantry regiments, which were suspected of planning mutiny, only twelve survived to serve in the new post-mutiny army. A cartridge of this kind, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed cartridge. They shot the British officers and made for Delhi, 40 miles (65 km) distant, where there were no British troops. The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. There is no doubt that conflict over the new rifle cartridges sparked the uprising in 1857, but the reality is that social, political, and even technological reforms had set the stage for what happened. Rumors began to spread that the grease used to make the cartridges was derived from pigs and cows, which would be highly offensive to Muslims and Hindus. All of the Bengal Native Cavalry regiments and 45 of the infantry units rebelled at some point. In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. Ferocity led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this war in horror from other wars of the 19th century. The transfer of the number 66th which was taken away from a regular Bengal Sepoy regiment of the line disbanded over refusal to serve without batta, and given to a Gurkha battalion, was considered by the Sepoy as a breach of faith by the company. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the kala pani prohibition on sea travel. The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progression and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny (London: John Murray, 1884);Kim A. Wagner. each other as brothers.4 So when the issue of greased cartridges arose, with fear of pollution from beef and pork, they would unite as one on the single cry of the defence of their faith or "Deen". The immediate cause of the Indian Revolt of 1857, or Sepoy Mutiny, was a seemingly minor change in the weapons used by the British East India Company's troops. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. On the fourth side of the . When Muslim and Hindu troops learned that the tip of the Enfield cartridge had to be bitten off to prepare it for firing, a number of troops refused, for religious reasons, to accept the ammunition. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. During the late eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, the armies of the East India Company, in particular those of the Bengal Presidency, were victorious and indomitable the term "high noon of the sepoy army" has been used by a military historian. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp Seen from a distance of 150 years, the chupatty movement can appear a quaint anomaly, a strange and colorful rumor of interest mostly to historians and psychologists. E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 291-292 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. In contrast, foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley, John Jennings, and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar's personal physicians, Dr. Chaman Lal, were killed. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. In contrast to their Indian predecessors, the British considered such refusals at times to be outright "mutinies" and therefore to be suppressed brutally. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles . A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. the Indian Mutiny, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or the Indian Revolt of 1857. Rumors spread with great rapidity before and during the mutinynot least because of the large number of British women and children at the mercy of the rebels in towns such as Delhi and Kanpur. The military cause was both particular and general. Then enter the name part [2][3], Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the English East India Company(also called British East India Company), especially under James Broun-Ramsay reign, which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India. The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. It was generally believed, in retrospect, that the circulation of the breads had been a warning of trouble ahead, and that the wave of chapatis must have been set in motion by a cunning group of determined conspirators who had begun plotting the rising months, if not years, in advance. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. However, nearly every sepoy was either Muslima religion that forbids eating the fat or any other part of a pig, or Hinduwhere the same rule applies to cows. The Indian Mutiny of 1857-59 was a widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against the rule of British East India Company in India which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British crown. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. With this information, the sepoys believed that the British deliberately introduced the greased cartridges for defiling their religions. This made them more accurate and gave them a longer range. B. With the British recovery of Gwalior (June 20, 1858), the revolt was virtually over. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. He is on the expert panel on weapons for several museums of Rajasthan. The signal spread in all directions with wonderful celerity. . Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. Some time in February 1857, a curious occurrence took place. By the time of the chupatty movement, no more than a handful of aged India hands could remember such long-ago events as the Vellore Mutiny. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. Mike Dash That, combined with a declining number of British officers who understood India, spoke Indian languages fluently or had any real sympathy for the people whom they ruled, meant that the colonial hierarchy remained perpetually jittery. } To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. In fact, it was rather the last effort of traditional India. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. Greased Cartridges: The Revolt of 1857 was triggered by the use of new Enfield rifles whose cartridges were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat, leading to the refusal of both Hindu and Muslim sepoys to use them. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? the Sepoy Mutiny (by British Historians) There was thus a suppressed tension in the countryside, ready to break out whenever governmental pressure might be reduced. McNamara, Robert. https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014 (accessed March 1, 2023). Scottish Highlanders charge during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857. The Siege of Delhi. The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India - Biswamoy Pati 2010-01 The Great Rebellion of 1857 in India was much more than a e~sepoy mutinye(tm). And the uprising became extremely violent. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. Rich people like the merchants and moneylenders were, therefore, able to speculate in British land sales and drive out the most vulnerable peasant farmers. Thereafter he headed the National Mineral Water Company in Muscat, Oman. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. But the only evidence for either of these was the circulation from village to village of chapatis, or cakes of unleavened bread, a practice that, though it also occurred on other occasions, was known to have taken place at any time of unrest. In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. Politically, many princes of India had retired into seclusion after their final defeat in 1818. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. KoboE. of your Kindle email address below. In the 1870s the British government formalized its role as an imperial power. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. A chowkidaran Indian village watchman. Coconuts had passed at great speed from village to village in central India in 1818, at a time when the mofussil was being ravaged by large bands of merciless looters known as the Pindaris. Under a British policy called the "doctrine of lapse," the East India Company would take control of Indian states in which a local ruler had died without an heir. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. Though the revolt was suppressed later, it shook the foundation of British rule in India. Though the revolt failed in its objective, even in failure it served a grand purpose. There has been much controversy over its nature and causes. And the leaders were not united, because they sought to revive former Hindu and Muslim regimes, which in their heyday had bitterly clashed. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. By the time the British came to examine the causes of the rebellion, therefore, the chupatty movement had assumed a fresh significance. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Books and articles about the bloody fighting and heroic deeds by British officers and men were published for decades in London. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. Is the sending of such articles about the country a custom among the Hindoos or Mussulmans; and would the meaning be at once understood without any accompanying explanation? But in the 1830s and 1840s, tensions began to emerge. Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, Last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39, Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=1112793629, This page was last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39. Finally, there was the activity of Christian missionaries, by that time widespread. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. | READ MORE. A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Nationalist historians have seen in it the first Indian war of independence. The Revolt of 1857, an anti-colonial movement which fought against the imperialist policies of the British East India Company, is an important event that took place in Indian history. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. At other times however, the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. I have the honour to inform you that a signal has passed through numbers of the villages in this district, the purport of which has not yet transpired. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. But the wars against the Afghans and the Sikhs and then the annexations of Dalhousie alarmed and outraged them. It was alluded to , and it was supposed to portend some coming disturbance, and was, moreover, understood as implying an invitation to the whole population of the country to unite for some secret objective afterwards to be disclosed. The rapid spread of disorder in 1857when regiment after regiment had mutinied, and revolts against British rule had sprung up throughout most of northern and central Indiamade it almost impossible to believe that the rebellion could have been spontaneous (as most modern historians concede it was), and considerable effort was made to chronicle the movement and trace the spread of the anomalous chapatis. One of the first officials to encounter it was Mark Thornhill, magistrate in the little Indian town of Mathura, near Agra. But the back of the rebellion had been broken and time gained for reinforcements to restore British superiority. 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